
A New Global Definition of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
文章来源:PubMed
摘要信息:Background. Since the 2012 Berlin Definition of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), several developments have supported the need for an expansion of the definition, including the use of high flow nasal oxygen (HFNO), expanding use of pulse oximetry in place of arterial blood gases, use of ultrasound for chest imaging, and the need for applicability in resource-limited settings. Methods. A Consensus Conference of 32 critical care ARDS experts was convened, had six virtual meetings (June 2021-March 2022), and subsequently obtained input from members of several critical care societies. The goal was to develop a definition that would: (1) identify patients with the currently accepted conceptual framework for ARDS; (2) facilitate rapid ARDS diagnosis for clinical care and research; (3) be applicable in resource-limited settings; (4) be useful for testing specific therapies; and (5) be practical for communication to patients and caregivers. Results. The committee made four main recommendations: (1) Include HFNO with a minimum flow rate of 30 liters/min; (2) Use arterial oxygen tension (PaO2)/FiO2 300 mmHg or SpO2/FiO2 < 315 (if SpO2 97%) to identify hypoxemia; (3) Retain bilateral opacities for imaging criteria but add ultrasound as an imaging modality, especially in resource-limited areas; and (4) In resource-limited settings, do not require PEEP, oxygen flow rate, or specific respiratory support devices. Conclusions. We propose a New Global Definition of ARDS that builds on the Berlin Definition. The recommendations also identify areas for future research, including the need for prospective assessments of feasibility, reliability, and prognostic validity of the proposed Global Definition.

有创-无创序贯通气疗法联合美罗培南、西维来司他钠治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征的效果及对炎性因子水平的影响
文章来源:中国知网
摘要信息:目的 探究有创-无创序贯通气疗法联合美罗培南、西维来司他钠治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征的效果。方法 选择2019年2月至2023年1月我院收治的120例急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者为研究对象,以入院时间将其分为对照组和观察组,各60例。对照组接受有创机械通气联合美罗培南、西维来司他钠治疗,观察组接受有创-无创序贯通气疗法联合美罗培南、西维来司他钠治疗。比较两组的治疗效果。结果 治疗后,观察组的C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-18(IL-18)、白细胞计数(WBC)及核因子-κB(NF-κB)水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组的呼吸系统阻力(Rrs)低于对照组,肺动态顺应性(Crs)、第1秒用力呼吸容积/用力肺活量(FEV1/FVC)高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组的动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)高于对照组,动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 有创-无创序贯通气疗法联合美罗培南、西维来司他钠治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的效果显著,可调节炎性因子水平,改善肺功能及血氧状态指标。

西维来司他钠治疗ARDS患者的前瞻性、多中心真实世界研究
摘要信息:研究名称:西维来司他钠治疗ARDS患者的前瞻性、多中心真实世界研究 研究目的:1)在真实临床环境中评价西维来司他钠治疗ARDS的临床疗效及安全性;2)观察经西维来司他钠治疗后,ARDS患者血清炎症指标的变化;3)评价西维来司他钠治疗ARDS的药物经济学价值。 研究设计:前瞻性、多中心真实世界研究 受试人群:ARDS患者 入选标准: 1)男女不限,75岁≥年龄≥18岁; 2)符合ARDS 2023年全球新定义诊断标准(见附录1); a.危险因素和肺水肿来源:由急性风险因素引发,如肺炎、非肺部感染、创伤、输血、误吸或休克。肺水肿不完全或主要归因于心源性肺水肿/液体超负荷,低氧血症/气体交换异常也不主要归因于肺不张。然而,如果存在ARDS的易感风险因素,则可以在存在这些条件的情况下诊断ARDS。 b.时机:在危险因素预估出现或出现新的或恶化的呼吸道症状的1周内,低氧性呼吸衰竭急性发作或恶化。 c.胸部成像:胸片和CT上双侧阴影,或超声双侧B线和/或实变,不能完全用积液、肺不张或结节/肿块来解释。 适用于特定ARDS类别的诊断标准: a.非插管ARDS:PaO2/FiO2≤300 mmHg 或 SpO2/FiO2≤315(如果SpO2≤97%),使用HFNO时氧流量≥30L/min 或 NIV/CPAP呼吸压力5cm H2O; b.插管ARDS:轻度:200<PaO2/FiO2≤300 或235≤SpO2/FiO2≤315(如果SpO2≤97%);中度:100<PaO2/FiO2≤200 或148<SpO2/FiO2≤235(如果SpO2≤97%);重度:PaO2/FiO2≤100 或SpO2/FiO2≤148(如果SpO2≤97%); c.资源有限环境下的ARDS:SpO2/FiO2≤315(如果SpO2≤97%)。在资源有限的情况下,诊断不需要呼气末正压或最小氧流量。 注:诊断标准尽量使用前两种定义(即a和b),且以血气分析为标准(呼吸支持后至少15min,病人状态相对稳定、呼吸机正常运行时进行血气测量)。 3)能够在ARDS发病时间72小时内给药的患者; 4)能够理解和遵守协议要求,自愿参加本研究,签署知情同意书; 排除标准: 1)同时参与其他探索性临床研究的患者; 2)妊娠期、哺乳期女性或可能处于妊娠中的女性; 3)患者或家属拒绝签署知情同意书; 4)对实验药物过敏; 5)严重慢性呼吸系统疾病:自身免疫性疾病累及肺、存在慢性呼吸衰竭,如中重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(FEV1<70%pred 或临床判断有明显气道阻塞性疾病),支气管扩张或肺间质纤维化(面积达 20%以上肺容积);膈肌或呼吸肌无力病人; 6)肿瘤晚期或恶病质的患者(预期生存期不超过3月); 7)颅内高压、脑疝、深昏迷的患者; 退出标准: 研究期间,出现下述情况时,视为脱落病例: 1)试验过程中病人或家属主动要求退出者; 2)联用血必净或乌司他丁等其他抗炎药物的患者视为方案违背,需剔除 疗程不足7天或病人死亡/自动出院(患者病情加重,要求自动出院,且预计出院后48h内死亡)。 如果患者决定退出试验,研究者应尽可能获知原因,并记录在病例报告表上。患者自愿提前退出试验或者研究者按照上述标准剔除患者时,必须对他 进行评估。如果患者是因为检查过程中不良事件、异常的检查数据而退出试验,这些也必须记录在表上。 样本量:(计算过程)5000例。 试验药品:注射用西维来司他钠 治疗措施:所有符合纳入标准而不符合排除标准,且签署了西维来司他钠方案登记研究书面知情同意的患者,将被筛选入组,在ARDS标准治疗基础上,临床医生可自行选择是否给予西维来司他钠静脉应用。 用法用量:建议在发病后24~72h内开始使用。根据患者体质量,将24h剂量(4.8mg/kg)用250~500ml生理盐水稀释,24h持续静脉给药(相当于0.2mg·kg-1·h-1)或将24h剂量西维来司他钠(4.8mg/kg)用生理盐水溶解,采用50ml注射器吸取药液并补充至总体积48ml,用静脉滴注微量泵设置给药流率为2mL/h,24h恒速输注完毕;亦可将每日剂量分3次配置,持续静脉滴注。连续用药时间最短为7天,最长为14天。接受西维来司他钠治疗期间,不终止或影响患者原本治疗方案。 基础治疗:ARDS标准治疗(小潮气量肺保护通气、合适水平的PEEP、肺复张及俯卧位通气)等。 观察期: 28天。 疗效终点: 主要观察指标:28天内无机械通气时间 次要观察指标: 关键次要终点: 1) ARDS患者28天病死率(关键次要终点) 2) 肺部影像学指标:Murray肺损伤评分(可考虑更换);临床肺部感染评分(CPIS)(见附录3)(自动评分)(关键次要终点); 其他次要终点: 2)接受西维来司他钠治疗后患者第7天的氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)(关键次要终点) 炎症指标:血液中WBC、NLR、CRP、PCT、IL-6; 3)呼吸力学指标:治疗第7天时肺顺应性改善;平台压、驱动压、潮气量同步记录(小潮气量肺保护通气亚组分析) 4)呼吸支持:治疗7天(待确定)时非插管ARDS患者插管率; 4)ARDS总体转归:ICU住院天数、总住院天数、ICU病死率、院内病死率、28天病死率。 5)治疗开始前及结束时的SOFA评分(附录6)、APACHE Ⅱ评分(附录2) 安全性终点:药物相关的不良事件: 1、 肝功能异常。表现为门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)升高,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)升高,胆红素升高,乳酸脱氢酶升高等; 2、 肾功能异常。表现为血清肌酐(Cr)升高,血尿素氮(BUN)升高,多尿、尿蛋白升高等; 3、 白细胞减少,嗜酸性粒细胞升高,血小板减少等; 4、 与西维来司他钠用药相关的呼吸困难、过敏反应等。

注射用西维来司他钠对脓毒症患者序贯性器官功能衰竭评分的影响:一项随机、 双盲、安慰剂对照研究
摘要信息:项目名称: 注射用西维来司他钠对脓毒症患者序贯性器官功能衰竭评分的影响:一项随机、 双盲、安慰剂对照研究 研究目的:评价注射用西维来司他钠对序贯性器官功能衰竭的影响。 研究设计:临床干预研究 样本量:纳入60例患者 纳入标准: (1)年龄≥18 周岁且≤80 周岁,性别不限; (2)符合 ARDS 柏林标准; (3)符合脓毒症 3.0 诊断标准,即对于确诊或可疑的感染患者,序贯性器官功能衰竭评分(SOFA)较基线上升≥2分; (4)确诊或可疑的细菌感染(肺部、腹腔或血行感染); (5)出现感染相关的器官功能衰竭不超过 72 小时; 器官功能衰竭定义为循环、呼吸、肾脏、肝脏、凝血和中枢神经系统中至少一个器官或系统的序贯性器官功能衰竭;评分(SOFA)≥3 分(即筛选期任意时间点新出现的SOFA评分≥3分); (6)育龄患者近半年内无育儿计划且同意在研究期间采取有效措施避孕; (7)患者或法定代理人签署知情同意。 排除标准: 有以下情况之一者不能入选本试验: (1)妊娠期(筛选期尿妊娠试验阳性)或哺乳期女性; (2)预期生存时间少于 48h; (3)患者存在终末期恶性肿瘤、终末期肺病等终末期疾病,或入组前 30 天内发生过心跳骤停; (4)患者存在以下慢性器官功能不全或免疫功能抑制(根据APACHE II 评分的慢性健康评分评估):1)心脏:纽约心脏病协会心功能IV级;2)呼吸:慢性限制性、阻塞性或血管性肺疾病导致活动重度受限,即不能上楼或不能做家务;或明确的慢性低氧、CO2潴留、继发性真红细胞增多症、重度肺动脉 高压(收缩压>40mmHg)或呼吸机依赖;3)肾脏:接受长期透析治疗;4)肝脏:活检证实的肝硬化及明确的门脉高压;既往因门脉高压引起的上消化道出血;或既往发生肝功能衰竭/肝性脑病/肝昏迷,黄疸;5)免疫功能抑制: 接受的治疗措施影响感染抵抗力(如免疫功能抑制治疗, 6 个月内接受过放疗或化疗,长期(连续使用≥3 周)和/或近期(筛选前 5 天内)使用大剂量激素(强的松或等效剂量≥0.3mg/kg/d)), 或罹患疾病影响感染抵抗力(如白血病、淋巴瘤和 AIDS); (5)既往接受过实体器官或骨髓移植; (6)植物生存状态; (7)入组前 4 周内出现以下情况:1)急性肺栓塞;2)输血反应;3)急性冠脉综合征; (8)确诊或高度疑似病毒性肝炎活动期,或临床确诊活动期结核病; (9)心动过缓的患者(心率每分钟低于 60 次); (10)既往 24 小时内存在未控制的出血(临床判断需要输血支持者); (11)大面积烧伤或化学灼伤(III 度烧伤面积>30%BSA) (12)经过充分液体复苏及血管活性药物治疗后平均动脉压<65mmHg; (13)急性骨髓造血抑制,如表现为粒细胞缺乏(ANC<500/mm3); (14)对试验用药物有效成分或其辅料过敏; (15)患者正在使用的药物可能严重影响试验药物的代谢; (16)患者和(或)法定代理人签署不抢救预嘱(DNR),或决定撤除生命支持治疗(withdraw)或限制生命支持治疗强度(withhold)并签署相关知情同意书; (17)近 3 个月内参加过临床干预性试验; (18)受试者为研究人员或其直系亲属,或可能存在不当知情同意的患者; (19)研究者认为不宜参加本试验的患者。 主次要终点: 主要疗效终点: 首次给药后第 8 天 (D7 末次给药后 24h 内), SOFA评分较基线的变化值。 评价方法: 评价基线期 SOFA 评分、首次给药后第8天(D7末次给药后24h内),以计算较基线变化值。 SOFA评分标准参考《中国脓毒症/脓毒性休克急诊治疗指南(2018)》 次要疗效终点 (1)首次给药后第 1 天、第 3 天、第 5 天血浆和肺泡灌洗液中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶活性、 NETs( MPODNA、 NE-DNA 和 H3Cit-DNA)水平; 血栓调节蛋白(TM); TNF-α、 IL-6 水平; (2)临床结局复合终点:首次给药后 28 天全因死亡和继续需要 ICU 住院的患者比例; (3)首次给药后 7 天全因死亡的患者比例 (4)首次给药后 7 天内转出 ICU 的患者比例 (5)首次给药后第 1 天、第 3 天、第 5 天 SOFA 评分较基线的变化值; (6)首次给药后 28 天内生命支持治疗(血管活性药物、机械通气、 CRRT)的需求率、使用时间和不使用时间 (7)首次给药后 28 天内住和不住 ICU 的时间; (8)首次给药后院内继发感染; (9)28 天内无有创机械通气时间(单位为小时)

注射用西维来司他钠和地塞米松治疗不同病因ARDS的(STAR)疗效和安全性:一项前瞻性、多中心、双盲、双模拟随机对照临床研究的预试验
摘要信息:研究题目:注射用西维来司他钠和地塞米松治疗不同病因ARDS的(STAR)疗效和安全性:一项前瞻性、多中心、双盲、双模拟随机对照临床研究的预实验 研究目的: 比较注射用西维来司他钠与常规治疗组之间治疗中重度ARDS患者的临床疗效(随机后28天内VFD) 比较地塞米松与常规治疗组之间治疗中重度ARDS患者的临床疗效(随机后28天内VFD) 研究设计: 前瞻性、多中心、双盲、双模拟随机对照试验,根据疾病严重程度(PaO2/FiO2 >100 mmHg vs. PaO2/FiO2 ≤100 mmHg)分层,采用中央随机系统进行分层区组随机,以1:1:1比例将中重度ARDS患者随机分入西维来司他钠治疗组(西维来司他钠+地塞米松安慰剂)、地塞米松治疗组(地塞米松+西维来司他钠安慰剂)或常规治疗组(西维来司他钠安慰剂+地塞米松安慰剂)。 研究人群: 纳入标准:(1)年龄≥18岁;(2)处于急性发作期的中重度ARDS患者,符合中重度ARDS诊断标准:①由急性风险因素引发,如肺炎、非肺部感染、创伤、输血、误吸或休克。肺水肿不完全或主要归因于心源性肺水肿/液体超负荷,低氧血症/气体交换异常也不主要归因于肺不张。然而,如果存在ARDS的易感风险因素,则可以在存在这些条件的情况下诊断ARDS。②在危险因素预估出现或出现新的或恶化的呼吸道症状的1周内,低氧性呼吸衰竭急性发作或恶化。③胸片和CT上双侧阴影,或超声双侧B线和/或实变,不能完全用积液、肺不张或结节/肿块来解释。④PaO2/FiO2 ≤200 mm Hg或SpO2/FiO2≤235(如果SpO2≤97%)。(3)中重度ARDS发作后72小时内接受气管插管机械通气;(4)ARDS发作到随机分组在72小时以内(以病历记录的发作时间为起始点);(5)本人或家属自愿参加研究,并签署知情同意书。 排除标准:妊娠期或哺乳期;脑死亡;晚期癌症或其它终末期疾病;西维来司他钠或地塞米松过敏史;严重慢性阻塞性肺病;严重心脑血管疾病病史,如心力衰竭、未控的冠心病、心肌病、未控的心律失常、未控的高血压或既往半年内的心梗或脑梗病史;器官移植或异体干细胞移植者;致命性活动性真菌感染;患有影响自主呼吸的神经肌肉疾病;遗传性或获得性严重免疫缺陷,如人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染、慢性肉芽肿性疾病、严重联合免疫缺陷;患者和(或)法定代理人签署不抢救预嘱,或放弃治疗者;正在参加其他临床试验者。 样本量: 本研究采用适应性研究设计,第一阶段拟计划入组研究对象300例,每组各100例。第一阶段研究结束后进行一次期中分析,根据期中分析结果决定最终的干预组别(西维来司他钠组和/或地塞米松组),并根据样本参数重新计算本研究的最终样本量。 干预措施: 患者随机分为3组:西维来司他钠治疗组(西维来司他钠+地塞米松安慰剂)、地塞米松治疗组(地塞米松+西维来司他钠安慰剂)或常规治疗组(西维来司他钠安慰剂+地塞米松安慰剂) 用法用量:西维来司他钠/西维来司他钠安慰剂:4.8mg/kg/d,静脉持续输注14天或至转出ICU当天(14天内);地塞米松/地塞米松安慰剂: 10mg,从第1天至第5天每天静脉注射一次,或持续给药至患者拔管(5天内)。 三组研究对象均接受常规治疗,按照重症诊疗指南接受支持性的基础治疗,不作严格限定。由主治医师根据患者临床情况决定合适的脱机时机。三组患者每天通过ARDSnet方案的自主呼吸试验评估脱机指征,在FiO2≤0.5时仍可维持适当的氧合状态,如果没有特殊的原因即可拔管。 其他干预措施:在脓毒性休克的情况下,允许使用应激剂量的皮质类固醇,以氢化可的松的形式,每日剂量≤300 mg;以下免疫调节剂不允许使用:血必净、乌司他丁、胸腺肽、IVIG;支持性管理没有严格控制,但要求工作人员遵循标准指导方针。 随机化过程: 根据疾病严重程度(PaO2/FiO2 >100 mmHg vs. PaO2/FiO2 ≤100 mmHg)分层,采用中央随机系统进行分层区组随机,以1:1:1比例随机分入三组,随访1个月。 盲法: 本试验采用双盲双模拟的方法实施研究,即研究者和研究对象均不知晓所接受干预情况。 观察指标: 1. 主要结局指标:随机后28天内无机械通气时间(VFD),最后一次成功拔管至随机后28天的时间间隔。 2. 主要临床研究过程指标:知情同意率、招募率、招募合格率、方案依从性和随访完成情况。 3. 次要结局指标:28天内病死率,90天内病死率,28天内ICU停留时间,28天内住院时间,28天内无器官支持天数,肺损伤评分,SOFA评分,生物标志物(CRP、IL-6、IL-8、PCT、NLR),血浆和支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(NE)浓度,新发菌感染率(医生判断),二次插管率。 4. 安全性指标:治疗期间发生的不良事件及严重不良事件。

西维来司他钠治疗伴有SIRS的ARDS患者的多中心双盲随机对照临床试验
摘要信息:研究目的: 明确西维来司他钠治疗伴有SIRS的轻中度ARDS的有效性及安全性。 研究内容 本研究通过计算机随机,将伴有SIRS的轻中度ARDS患者随机分为安慰剂组和西维来司他钠组, 观察两组患者入组时(D0), 第1(D1),3(D3),5(D5)天氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2),呼吸频率,28天内有创机械通气率、无机械通气时间、住ICU时间、住院时间、ICU获得性感染发生率、28天全因病死率、ICU病死率等,以评价西维来司他钠治疗伴有SIRS的轻中度ARDS患者肺损伤的效果,以期改善轻中度ARDS患者氧合、增加无机械通气时间、降低ARDS病死率。 纳入标准: (1)18岁≤年龄≤75岁成年病人,其种族、国籍、性别不限; (2)研究符合赫尔辛基宣言及中国临床试验研究法规,病人或其家属知情并同意参加试验; (3)入住ICU依据2012柏林标准诊断ARDS 72 h以内,且氧合指数介于150-300mmHg, 并伴有全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)患者 (ARDS柏林标准和SIRS诊断标准见附录); 排除标准: (1)慢性呼吸疾病的病史; (2)单纯的心源性肺水肿; (3)APACH2评分≥21分; (4)合并终末期疾病,或者临床主管医生判断近期患者预后不良; (5)ARDS病程>3天; (6)粒细胞缺乏或者接收免疫抑制剂或大剂量激素(甲强龙>40 mg)患者; (7)怀孕或哺乳; (8)曾经参与过本项研究; (9)不同意参加本试验; 主要观察指标: 1) 72 h氧合改善率[(D3氧合指数-D0氧合指数)/D0氧合指数]; 2) 28天无机械通气时间; 次要观察指标: 1) 28天有创机械通气率; 2) 28天住ICU时间; 3) 28天住院时间; 4) 28天全因病死率; 5) ICU病死率; 6)28天获得性感染发生率(定义为:实验室核酸或培养确诊的继发感染); 7)血浆中NE及炎症因子IL-6、IL-10、CRP水平变化; 8)28天严重不良事件频率; 9) D1和D5氧合改善率;

Neutrophil Elastase Inhibitors Suppress Oxidative Stress in Lung during Liver Transplantation
摘要信息:Background:Neutrophil infiltration plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury following liver transplantation (LT). Neutrophil elastase is released from neutrophils during pulmonary polymorphonuclear neutrophil activation and sequestration. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the inhibition of neutrophil elastase could lead to the restoration of pulmonary function following LT. Methods:In in vivo experiments, lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected at 2, 4, 8, and 24 h after rats were subjected to orthotopic autologous LT (OALT), and neutrophil infiltration was detected. Next, neutrophil elastase inhibitors, sivelestat sodium hydrate (exogenous) and serpin family B member 1 (SERPINB1) (endogenous), were administered to rats before OALT, and neutrophil infiltration, pulmonary oxidative stress, and barrier function were measured at 8 h after OALT. Results:Obvious neutrophil infiltration occurred from 2 h and peaked at 8 h in the lungs of rats after they were subjected to OALT, as evidenced by an increase in naphthol-positive cells, BALF neutrophil elastase activity, and lung myeloperoxidase activity. Treatment with neutrophil elastase inhibitors, either sivelestat sodium hydrate or SERPINB1, effectively reduced lung naphthol-positive cells and BALF inflammatory cell content, increased expression of lung HO-1 and tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin, and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase. Conclusion:Neutrophil elastase inhibitors, sivelestat sodium hydrate and SERPINB1, both reduced lung neutrophil infiltration and pulmonary oxidative stress and finally restored pulmonary barrier function.

Effects of neutrophil elastase inhibitor on progression of acute lung injury following esophagectomy
摘要信息:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sivelestat sodium hydrate, a selective inhibitor of neutrophil elastase in the systemic inflammatory response, pulmonary function, and the postoperative clinical course following esophagectomy. Patients with hypoxia associated with surgical stress in the intensive care unit (ICU) immediately after an esophagectomy were eligible for this study. The degree of hypoxia was calculated according to the ratio of arterial oxygen tension (PaO(2)) to the fractional concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO(2))-PaO(2)/FiO(2). Patients with PaO(2)/FiO(2) < 300 mmHg were enrolled in this study. Seven patients were treated with sivelestat, and 10 were not so treated. The degree of hypoxia, the criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and the postoperative clinical course were compared between the two groups. The postoperative decreases in the PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio were significantly suppressed in the sivelestat group (p < 0.05, by analysis of variance, or ANOVA). Furthermore, 9 of the 10 control group patients developed SIRS on postoperative day 2, whereas only 2 of 7 of the sivelestat group patients developed SIRS (p < 0.05). The postoperative increases in the heart rate were significantly suppressed in the sivelestat group (p < 0.05, ANOVA). The postoperative decreases in the platelet counts were significantly suppressed in the sivelestat group (p < 0.05, ANOVA). The duration of mechanical ventilation and the length of ICU stay for the sivelestat group were shorter than that for the control group. We demonstrated that the postoperative decreases in the PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio following esophagectomy were significantly suppressed in the sivelestat-treated group. This clinical study showed that a neutrophil elastase inhibitor may thus be a potentially useful drug for treating acute lung injury following esophagectomy.

Effect of a selective neutrophil elastase inhibitor on early recovery from body water imbalance after transthoracic esophagectomy
摘要信息:The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of sivelestat, a selective neutrophil elastase inhibitor, on body fluid balance after transthoracic esophagectomy. Esophagectomy with elective lymphadenectomy may induce excessive release of neutrophil elastase, which then promotes vascular permeability and an excessive water shift from the intravascular space to the peripheral compartment. Body fluid imbalance after esophagectomy often leads to circular instability, a decrease of urine output, and a delay in the shift to a diuretic state. The study was designed as a case-control study with a historical control group. A retrospective analysis was performed to examine our hypothesis that sivelestat improves abnormal body fluid retention and prevents subsequent pulmonary complications. To reveal the direct influence of sivelestat on the postoperative course, we avoided using steroids or other diuretic agents. Eighty-eight patients who underwent thoracic esophagectomy with extended lymphadenectomy from 2000 to 2008 were divided into two groups: those treated from 2003 to 2008, who all received postoperative administration of sivelestat (n=60); and those treated from 2000 to 2002, who did not receive sivelestat and were used as the control group (n=28). Both groups received fluid management using the same protocol. The time to reach a diuretic state, time until extubation of the tracheal tube, and development of delayed respiratory dysfunction were compared between the groups using univariate and multivariate analysis. The time until a shift to a diuretic state was significantly shorter after treatment with sivelestat (p<0.0001) and with a shorter operation time (p<0.0001). The tracheal tube was extubated significantly earlier in the sivelestat group (p<0.0001) and the incidence of delayed respiratory dysfunction was also significantly lower (p=0.0028) in this group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a delay in a shift to a diuretic state was a strong independent risk factor for the time to tracheal extubation (odds ratio 2.539, p=0.0056) and occurrence of delayed respiratory dysfunction (odds ratio 1.989, p=0.0104). Sivelestat treatment was not independently associated with reduced pulmonary complications, but the diuretic state was strongly regulated by sivelestat treatment (odds ratio 0.044, p=0.0003). Thus, administration of sivelestat has a beneficial influence on recovery from body water imbalance through a more rapid return to a diuretic state after esophagectomy, which contributes to prevention of subsequent pulmonary complications.

Effects of sivelestat on bronchial inflammatory responses after esophagectomy
摘要信息:Post-operative pulmonary complications such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are strongly associated with morbidity and mortality after esophagectomy. Post-operative administration of sivelestat sodium hydrate (sivelestat), a selective inhibitor of neutrophil elastase (NE), has been shown to improve the post-operative clinical course after esophagectomy. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of prophylactic administration of sivelestat on bronchial inflammatory responses. We randomized 24 patients into two groups. One group received 0.2 mg/kg/h sivelestat from the induction of anesthesia to post-operative day 1 (sivelestat group) and the other group received the same amount of physiological saline (control group). Bronchial alveolar epithelial lining fluid (ELF) samples were obtained from both groups at the induction of anesthesia and at the end of surgery. The serum and ELF levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and NE activity was spectrophotometrically determined using the same samples. Although IL-6 levels in the ELF significantly increased at the end of surgery compared with the pre-operative levels in both groups, the IL-8 levels and NE activity did not significantly increase at the end of the surgery compared to the corresponding pre-operative values in the sivelestat group. Moreover, IL-8 levels and NE activity in the ELF were significantly reduced at the end of surgery in the sivelestat group compared with corresponding values in the control group. The durations of ALI and ARDS were apparently shorter in the sivelestat group and the duration of SIRS was significantly shorter in the sivelestat group compared to the control group. We demonstrated that prophylactic use of sivelestat mitigated bronchial inflammation by suppressing NE activity and IL-8 levels in the ELF and shortened the duration of SIRS after transthoracic esophagectomy.